The structural support on either side of a car’s windshield.
A computer-controlled suspension that uses powered actuators instead of springs and shock absorbers to optimize wheel positioning and improve ride and handling.
The resistance an object experiences as it moves through air, influenced by speed, frontal area, and shape.
A front spoiler beneath the bumper designed to reduce airflow under the car, improving aerodynamics, lift, or cooling.
A front suspension setup that reduces nose dive under braking by converting braking forces into upward forces on the body.
A braking system that prevents wheels from locking by automatically adjusting brake pressure.
A suspension component that reduces body roll by resisting uneven vertical wheel movement; also called a sway bar.
A rear suspension feature that limits rear-end squat during acceleration.
The innermost point or region of a corner.
For tires: sidewall height divided by tire width. For wings: span divided by chord length. Lower tire ratios mean shorter, wider tires.
Wheel hop in live-axle vehicles caused by axle rotation and rebound under load.
A pump driven by the engine that increases the pressure of refrigerant in the air conditioning system.
A hose that removes condensation from the air conditioner’s evaporator.
Antilock braking system; prevents wheel lockup and skidding during heavy braking using a computer-controlled system.
The mechanical connection between the accelerator pedal and the throttle body or carburetor.
Active cornering enhancement filter; a component of electro-hydraulic suspension systems that reduces body roll by adjusting to driving conditions.
Also called a bank, administrative, or assignment fee; a one-time charge by a leasing company at the start of a lease for administrative and processing costs.
An electronic system that alerts the driver of potential pedestrian hazards.
The value of insured property calculated by subtracting depreciation from its replacement cost.
A radar- or laser-based cruise control system that automatically adjusts speed to avoid collisions with vehicles ahead.
Headlights that pivot as the steering wheel turns, improving visibility around curves.
A brand of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) used to reduce harmful emissions in diesel engines.
Accelerator and brake pedals that can be repositioned for driver comfort.
Suspension that allows the driver to select different firmness settings for comfort or performance.
Same as acquisition fee.
Equipment or parts added to a vehicle after manufacturing, often purchased through dealerships or automotive shops.
The liquid that circulates in the air conditioning system, absorbing and releasing heat.
The system that cools and dehumidifies the cabin air.
A filter that cleans incoming air before it enters the cabin.
Device that removes contaminants from the air entering the engine.
A device that signals when the air filter is clogged.
The process of removing particles like dust, pollen, or bacteria from cabin air using a filter.
A rating from 0–10 by the EPA reflecting the amount of pollutants a vehicle emits under lab conditions.
Filters impurities from the air used in the air injection system.
A system that disables the passenger airbag if sensors detect the occupant is too small or absent.
Inflatable cushions that deploy during a collision to protect occupants from striking interior surfaces.
The steepest slope a vehicle can climb from level ground without the front overhang hitting the surface.
The steepest slope a vehicle can descend from level ground without the rear overhang hitting the surface.
The style of antenna used for audio or navigation systems, such as mast, telescoping, or element types.
Reinforced hoses that carry high-pressure hydraulic fluid within the ABS system.
Devices or systems designed to prevent vehicle theft.
Uses sounds or telemetric signals to alert the owner to theft attempts.
Security codes required to reactivate a vehicle’s audio system after disconnection.
A system that prevents the engine from starting unless the key with a specific transmitter is present.
A wireless device that unlocks doors and may operate other functions such as windows, trunk, or sunroof.
Another term for coolant, which regulates engine temperature and prevents freezing.
Annual Percentage Rate; the yearly interest rate on a loan or credit.
The initial price set by a seller before negotiations.
Same as acquisition fee.
Advanced technology partial zero-emission vehicle, meeting strict emissions standards with additional eco-friendly features.
Honda’s Automatic Torque Transfer System, which distributes engine torque between axles for better traction.
Hydraulic fluid used in Honda’s ATTS system.
Digital media formats a vehicle’s audio system can play, such as MP3, WAV, or AAC.
A wireless device for controlling a vehicle’s audio system.
Headlights that remain on for a set time after turning off the engine.
A mirror that darkens automatically to reduce glare from headlights behind.
Suspension that adjusts the vehicle height to maintain even posture when carrying cargo.
Prevents starting the vehicle unless the gear is in park or neutral and ensures the brake pedal is pressed to shift out of park.
A manual transmission operated by electronic, pneumatic, or hydraulic systems, allowing fully automatic or driver-controlled shifting.
Unlocks the doors automatically after a collision.
Combines the transmission and differential into one unit.
An external filter that removes contaminants from transmission fluid.
Uses a torque converter and gearsets to shift gears automatically.
Straps with friction material that engage drums to help shift gears.
Tubes that carry fluid between the transmission and cooler.
A filter that prevents debris from circulating in the transmission; can be disposable or reusable.
Fluid that lubricates and cools the automatic transmission.
Optional factory-installed parts that enhance functionality, such as extra coolers or secondary fuel tanks.
Ports or wireless connections that allow external devices to play audio through the vehicle system.
Additional lights like footwell or glove box lights that illuminate specific areas.
Electronic systems that monitor and help maintain driver alertness.
All-wheel drive; a drivetrain sending power to all four wheels.
Lubricant for gears inside the axle.
Number of driveshaft revolutions per single revolution of the drive axle.
The roof support between the front and rear side windows.
A shaft that offsets engine vibrations to make the engine run more smoothly.
A rigid axle connecting non-driven wheels, also called a dead axle.
The line along the bottom edge of a car’s windows.
Conically shaped gears that transmit motion between non-parallel shafts.
The pressure above atmospheric inside a supercharged or turbocharged intake manifold.
The distribution of braking force between front and rear wheels.
Adjusting brake pedal pressure to keep the wheels on the verge of lockup for optimal stopping.
A technique to improve launch performance in automatic cars by holding the brake while revving the engine.
An engine’s ability to fill cylinders with air-fuel mixture and expel exhaust efficiently.
A rubber-lined bearing that allows limited rotational motion in suspension links, affecting ride comfort and handling.
Systems like cameras or sensors that help drivers maneuver in reverse.
A cogged belt that drives a shaft to reduce engine vibrations.
Flexible joints in the suspension or steering that allow rotation in multiple directions.
Same as acquisition fee.
Manufacturer’s suggested price for a vehicle without options, fees, or extras.
Covers nearly all vehicle parts except routine wear items such as brakes, tires, and batteries; emissions systems are typically covered by law.
Device that automatically disconnects the battery in a collision.
Width, height, and depth of a truck’s cargo bed.
Device added to a truck bed that extends its carrying capacity past the tailgate.
Factory-installed accessories that enhance the utility of a truck bed, such as liners, covers, or extenders.
The internal length of a pickup truck bed, measured from front wall to tailgate.
Protective coating or plastic layer applied to a truck bed to prevent damage.
Variations of truck beds, including long, short, flare-side, step-side, dually, flat, dump, or tank beds.
A refrigerated compartment in the vehicle to keep drinks cold.
Valve in evaporative emissions systems that controls vapor flow from the charcoal canister during idling.
Fuel mixture of petroleum diesel and plant-based diesel.
Area around the vehicle not visible in mirrors.
Electronic system that alerts the driver to vehicles or motorcycles in blind spots.
Electric device installed in an engine to preheat coolant, aiding cold-weather starts.
The outer panels covering a vehicle’s mechanical and electrical components.
Strategically placed holes that allow trapped water to escape.
Foam supports in seats that keep occupants positioned comfortably.
Diameter of engine cylinders.
Vacuum-assisted device that amplifies braking force applied by the driver.
Pivot points connecting linkages behind the brake booster.
A system that lightly presses brake pads against rotors before stopping to remove moisture.
Hydraulic fluid used to transfer force from the brake pedal to the brakes.
Tubes that carry brake fluid throughout the braking system.
High-friction material on brake shoes in drum brakes.
Device that stores and pressurizes brake fluid for the braking system.
Friction material attached to backing plates in disc brakes.
Pedal that controls vehicle braking.
Spring that assists in returning the pedal to its resting position.
System that applies extra braking force if a panic stop is detected.
Vehicle title indicating severe damage or salvage history, like “rebuilt” or “salvage.”
Maximum angle a vehicle can clear a ridge without the underside contacting it.
Protective frame on the front bumper that shields the vehicle from debris or brush.
Devices that protect a vehicle’s frame or body during minor collisions.
See “Payoff Amount.”
Roof support on either side of the rear window.
Interior lights, often LEDs or halogen, that illuminate the vehicle’s cabin.
Number and arrangement of pistons in a brake caliper.
Types of brake calipers: monoblock, sliding, or dual sliding.
Capital reduction; any payment, rebate, or trade-in that lowers the lease’s capitalized cost.
The negotiated price of a leased vehicle used to calculate monthly payments.
Lender owned by a car manufacturer, primarily financing that manufacturer’s vehicles.
Greenhouse gas formed during fossil fuel combustion; has two oxygen atoms bonded to one carbon atom.
Measurement of a vehicle’s total environmental impact in terms of resource consumption and emissions.
Harmful gas produced by combustion, composed of one carbon and one oxygen atom.
Device on older engines that mixes air and fuel before combustion.
Built-in amenities designed to improve the functionality of a vehicle’s cargo space.
Styles of rear doors: liftgate, vertical split, or horizontal split.
Vehicle optimized for carrying cargo.
Hooks, straps, or anchors used to secure cargo.
Manufacturer incentives offered as cash or applied to down payments to reduce purchase cost.
Protective panel preventing heat from damaging nearby components.
Crankcase ventilation filter, prevents foreign particles from entering the engine crankcase.
Decorative materials in the console area, including wood, leather, or metal.
Imaginary point where a vehicle’s mass is concentrated; lower centers reduce rollover risk.
Geographic area where a vehicle is certified for sale according to EPA standards.
A used vehicle inspected and backed by the manufacturer with warranty coverage.
Captures fuel vapors from the tank and carburetor to prevent them from escaping into the atmosphere.
Specially designed seat and harness for the safety of young children.
Built-in attachment points for child seats, compatible with ISOFIX/LATCH systems.
Options to disable windows, door locks, or airbags to prevent injury to children.
Mechanism controlling airflow in carbureted engines during cold starts.
Miles per gallon in simulated urban driving conditions.
Automatic regulation of cabin heating and cooling to maintain a set temperature.
Air filter for ventilated or heated seats.
Seats with built-in heating and/or cooling systems.
Dealership salesperson who finalizes deals or persuades buyers near the end of negotiation.
Components connecting the clutch pedal to the clutch mechanism in non-hydraulic systems.
Hydraulic fluid used to operate a clutch in vehicles with hydraulic systems.
Pivot point for the clutch fork inside the clutch housing.
Tubes that carry hydraulic fluid between clutch master and slave cylinders.
Small cylinder connected to the pedal that moves the clutch via hydraulic pressure.
Pedal that disengages the clutch from the flywheel.
Steering column designed to collapse during a crash to reduce injury.
Insurance covering damage from collisions with other vehicles or objects.
Weighted average of city and highway fuel efficiency.
Display showing the vehicle’s directional heading.
Coverage for damage from causes other than collisions.
Ratio of cylinder volume at bottom dead center to top dead center.
Storage area located in the dashboard or between seats.
Types of convertible tops, including soft, hard, T-tops, and Targa tops.
Shield that reduces turbulent airflow in a convertible cabin.
Fluid that regulates engine temperature and prevents freezing or overheating.
Seats that circulate air for cooling through perforations.
Fan and enclosure that direct airflow through the radiator to improve cooling.
ABS feature that adjusts brake force to prevent oversteer while turning.
Front lights that illuminate the area to the side of the vehicle while turning.
See Certified Pre-Owned Vehicle.
Device that allows excess pressure in the engine crankcase to escape.
Prevents excessive pressure buildup in the crankcase.
CCV; prevents debris from entering the engine crankcase.
Evaluations of vehicle safety performance in standardized crash tests.
Numeric representation of an individual’s creditworthiness.
Classification of consumers based on credit history to determine lending risk.
Member-owned financial institution with restricted membership.
System that automatically maintains vehicle speed.
Section of the vehicle designed to absorb impact energy in a collision.
Total vehicle weight including fluids and standard equipment, without passengers or cargo.
Airbags that cover side windows in side impacts or rollovers.
Manufacturer-provided cash to encourage vehicle purchase.
Constant velocity joints that transfer power while allowing suspension and steering movement.
Continuously variable transmission that maintains smooth acceleration without fixed gear shifts.
Arrangement of cylinders in an engine.
Engine feature that shuts off cylinders under light load to save fuel.
Bolts that secure cylinder heads to the engine block.
The shape of a camshaft lobe that controls valve timing and lift.
The tilt of a wheel relative to vertical. Negative camber tilts inward; positive tilts outward.
A shaft with lobes that open and close engine valves.
Strong, lightweight fibers of carbon bound in a resin, often used in high-performance car parts.
The angle of the steering axis relative to vertical, viewed from the side of the car.
An exhaust component containing a catalyst that reduces harmful emissions.
A differential in AWD systems that splits torque between front and rear axles.
The structural and mechanical framework of a car, excluding the body in unitized construction.
A spiraled metal spring used primarily in suspensions.
The space in the cylinder where air-fuel combustion occurs.
The slight flexibility in suspension bushings that absorbs bumps.
A material made from two or more components, like fiberglass (glass fibers in resin).
Connects the piston to the crankshaft.
A universal joint that transmits power without fluctuating shaft speed.
A suspension link with one joint at the chassis and two at the wheel, also called a wishbone or A-arm.
Maximum speed a car can take through a corner.
A two-door car with less than 33 cubic feet of rear interior volume (SAE standard J1100).
Converts piston motion into rotary motion via connecting rods.
The round cavity where the piston moves.
Houses combustion chambers, valves, and part of the valvetrain.
A replaceable sleeve that forms the cylinder wall.
A weighted decibel scale reflecting human hearing; each 3 dB increase roughly doubles sound pressure.
A rear suspension with driven wheels mounted to a transverse rigid member, powered via half-shafts.
A footrest left of the clutch, for bracing during cornering.
Uncontrolled ignition in the cylinder that can cause engine knock.
A gearbox allowing wheels to rotate at different speeds while transmitting torque.
Brakes where calipers squeeze a spinning disc to slow the wheel.
Nose dip under braking caused by weight transfer to the front wheels.
An engine with two camshafts per cylinder head: one for intake, one for exhaust.
Aerodynamic force pushing a car downward.
A dimensionless measure of aerodynamic efficiency; lower is sleeker.
How smooth, responsive, and easy to control a car’s powertrain is.
All drivetrain components except engine and transmission.
Connects the transmission to the differential.
All components that create and transmit power to the wheels.
Brakes that press shoes against the inside of a rotating drum.
Rearmost roof support on SUVs, minivans, or wagons.
Manufacturer payments to dealers to encourage discounts or increase sales.
Percentage of MSRP or invoice repaid to the dealer after vehicle sale.
System that automatically applies brakes if the driver’s heart stops.
Stops fuel delivery during coasting or braking to improve efficiency.
Mechanism in manual transmissions that closes fuel injectors when coasting to reduce emissions.
Portion of an insurance policy detailing the insured, coverage, period, and premiums.
Disengaging the transmission from the driveshaft to prevent over-revving.
Vehicle used for test drives or dealership demonstrations.
Loss of vehicle value over time; used in lease calculations to determine payments.
Off-road system that controls each wheel individually for slow, safe downhill travel.
Fee charged by the manufacturer to deliver a vehicle to the dealer, passed on to the customer.
Engine that uses diesel fuel and compression ignition.
Displays total operating hours of a diesel engine.
Fluid injected into diesel exhaust to reduce emissions.
Lubricant for differential gears.
Fuel injectors spray directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.
Automated manual transmission that allows both automatic and manual control.
Rotor styles: solid, vented, slotted, cross-drilled, ceramic, or carbon.
Multi-disc CD or DVD player integrated into the vehicle audio system.
Engine cylinder volume in cubic centimeters multiplied by the number of cylinders.
Charge at the end of a lease for vehicle return and resale processing.
Nonconductive cap that distributes high-voltage current to spark plugs.
Rotating component inside the distributor that completes the ignition circuit.
Engine valve that directs air during deceleration to reduce emissions.
Charges for vehicle registration, title, and license plates.
Initial cash payment that reduces the financed amount or lease capitalized cost.
Cable that shifts the transmission down when accelerator is pressed quickly.
Sealing washer used on drain bolts to prevent leaks.
Flexible covers protecting CV joints on drive axles.
Device maintaining proper tension on engine drive belts.
Belt(s) transferring engine rotation to accessories like the alternator or AC compressor.
Metal tube connecting the engine to the differential on rear- or four-wheel drive vehicles.
Type of drivetrain: 2WD, 4WD, or AWD.
Components attaching the drivetrain to the chassis, absorbing vibration and movement.
Total upfront cost at lease signing, including fees, deposits, and first payment.
Device monitoring the driver’s eye movements or vital signs.
Coverage for drivetrain components; same as powertrain warranty.
Auxiliary lights used for extended visibility.
Direct shift gearbox; automated manual transmission.
Hybrid vehicle with both electric-only and gasoline-assisted modes.
Headlights that automatically activate when ambient light decreases.
See emergency brake assist.
Recirculates exhaust to reduce NOx emissions by lowering combustion temperatures.
Computer that monitors and controls engine operation.
Standardized lab fuel economy tests simulating real-world driving.
Collects exhaust gases from cylinders and directs them to the exhaust system.
Passage from cylinder head to exhaust manifold.
Fuel consisting of gasoline or other hydrocarbons blended with up to 85% ethanol.
Ending a vehicle lease before the originally agreed term expires.
Device that automatically moves power seats or steering columns to allow easier access when the engine is off.
Exhaust Gas Recirculation system that recycles a portion of exhaust gas into the intake to lower combustion temperature and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.
Type of battery used in hybrid or electric vehicles, such as lead-acid, gel, lithium-ion, absorbed glass mat, or Zebra Na/NiCl2.
The work output of an electric motor, measured in horsepower, torque, or kilowatts.
Type of motor used to drive hybrid or electric vehicles, e.g., permanent magnet or other traction motors.
Vehicle powered entirely by electricity using batteries, capacitors, and one or more traction motors.
Mirror that automatically dims in bright light to reduce glare.
ABS feature that adjusts brake force for each wheel independently.
System that increases braking force during panic stops.
Uses adaptive cruise sensors to pre-fill brakes if a collision is likely.
Glow-in-the-dark handle inside a trunk for escape.
EPA and CARB limits on vehicle pollutants.
Tubing used by emission control systems.
0–10 rating by the EPA indicating total vehicle emissions in lab simulations.
Legal limits on NOx, CO, VOCs, and particulate matter emissions.
Shuts off the engine when stopped and restarts it automatically when accelerating.
Code describing engine emissions rating, fuel type, or multi-fuel capability.
Records total hours an engine has operated.
Lubricates and cools moving engine parts, reducing corrosion.
Alerts the driver when engine oil is low.
Engine’s output in horsepower, torque, or efficiency.
Engine displacement in liters.
Regulates coolant temperature by sensing engine heat.
Interior lights that illuminate when entering the vehicle.
Assessment of a vehicle’s effect on the environment from production to disposal.
Total cabin space measured by the EPA.
Laboratory vehicle tests to determine fuel economy, emissions, and greenhouse gases.
Difference between a financed vehicle’s current value and the remaining loan balance.
Projected yearly fuel expenses based on 15,000 miles/year.
Alcohol fuel commonly blended with gasoline.
Average distance an EV can travel on a full charge.
Captures fuel vapors to prevent release into the atmosphere.
Filters air drawn into the canister when vapors return to the engine.
Prevents raw fuel vapors from escaping into the environment.
Fee for exceeding lease mileage limits.
Damage beyond normal usage on a leased vehicle.
Directs warm exhaust to improve fuel vaporization and engine warm-up.
Optional coverage extending a vehicle’s warranty period.
Camera mounted outside the vehicle displaying to an interior monitor.
How side mirrors are adjusted: manual, power, or memory.
Shows the outside air temperature digitally.
Uses exhaust oxygen sensors to maintain an ideal fuel-air mixture for combustion and emissions control.
Composite of glass fibers in resin, often used in body panels.
Gear reduction furthest from the engine, usually the differential.
Large stamped metal part forming the car’s floor and structural base.
Transfers power via fluid motion between input and output fans.
Heavy disc attached to the crankshaft to smooth engine power delivery.
Two intake and two exhaust valves per cylinder for better breathing and efficiency.
Cornering where all tires slide at high slip angles.
Steering system that turns rear wheels for improved handling.
Delivers fuel electronically or mechanically to the engine; can be throttle-body or port injection.
Equipment installed by the manufacturer at the factory.
Special vehicle model with upgraded engine or chassis from the factory, e.g., BMW M3 or Mercedes AMG models.
Mechanical connection between the radiator fan and its mounting point.
Engine in front, drives the front wheels only.
Fair Isaac Corporation, the company producing credit scores.
Borrowing money (loan or lease) to acquire a vehicle.
Dealership office where contracts, financing, and optional insurance/warranties are arranged.
Manufacturer programs offering low-interest or special loans.
See APR (annual percentage rate).
Engine that runs on more than one fuel type (e.g., gasoline and E85).
Vehicle capable of using two or more fuels via a single or multiple fuel systems.
Low, wide beam lights designed to improve visibility in fog.
Compressing air into cylinders using turbochargers or superchargers.
Dealership form tracking vehicle price, trade-in, down payment, and monthly payment.
Drivetrain with two differentials and a transfer case powering all four wheels.
Rear wheels turn with front wheels to improve high-speed stability.
Engine in front, drives rear wheels only.
Size, type, and venting of front brake components.
Engine located forward of the cabin but behind the front axle.
Styles include bucket, sport, split-bench, or captain’s chairs.
Maximum fuel a tank can hold.
Generates electricity from hydrogen and oxygen for propulsion.
Rate at which a vehicle uses fuel.
Distance traveled per unit of fuel.
Cap sealing the fuel filler neck.
Removes contaminants from fuel before reaching the engine.
Tubes and fittings delivering fuel through the vehicle.
Filters fuel before it enters the fuel pump (diesel engines).
Automatically stops fuel flow after a collision.
All parts storing and delivering fuel to the engine.
Type of fuel used, e.g., gasoline, ethanol, E85, diesel, biodiesel, natural gas, or electricity.
Removes water from fuel, often part of the fuel filter system.
Unit of lateral acceleration (32.2 ft/s²); indicates how hard the driver feels pushed during cornering.
A group of gears transmitting power.
Car body area above the beltline.
Aerodynamic effect generating downforce from airflow under the car.
Covers the difference between insurance payout and remaining lease or loan balance if a vehicle is stolen or totaled.
Federal tax on vehicles with very poor fuel economy.
Combines an internal combustion engine with an electric motor.
Burns gasoline in an internal combustion process.
See “Instrumentation.”
0–10 EPA rating of greenhouse gas emissions.
Emissions from hydrocarbon fuel combustion contributing to climate change, e.g., CO2, CO, methane, nitrous oxide.
Total weight of the vehicle including passengers, cargo, and fuel.
Distance from the vehicle’s lowest point to the ground.
See Gross Vehicle Weight Rating.
Helps a vehicle navigation system detect the direction it is facing.
Rotating shaft transmitting power from differential to wheel in independent suspension.
How a car responds to driver input and maintains directional control.
A technique for smooth downshifts while braking using both feet.
Rigid spherical rod-end joint used in precision linkages.
Angled teeth gear reducing noise and providing smoother engagement.
Engine with hemispherical combustion chambers.
Unit of engine power; 1 hp = 550 ft-lb/sec.
Live-axle rear suspension with leaf springs for both support and location.
Valve lifter that self-adjusts to maintain zero clearance and reduce valvetrain noise.
Limited-slip coupling in AWD vehicles that engages/disengages a secondary axle.
Engine where air-fuel mixture auto-ignites due to compression.
See Curtain airbags.
Vertical space from occupant’s hip to vehicle roof.
Central control for the vehicle’s audio and entertainment system.
Nozzles or wipers cleaning headlights.
Lamps providing visibility at night.
Small personal speakers for listening to a vehicle audio system without disturbing others.
Information projected onto the windshield within the driver’s line of sight.
Measures incoming air temperature for engine control.
Mirrors with heating elements to prevent fog or ice buildup.
Embedded heating elements in windshield to resist fog.
Elements under wiper rests to melt ice or snow.
Transfers engine heat to cabin air via ventilation system.
Carry coolant to/from the heater core.
Distance from the tallest point of the vehicle to ground.
Fuel efficiency under highway conditions per EPA tests.
Prevents rollback on a hill when clutch is released.
Door hinge design: standard, scissor, gullwing, or suicide.
Horizontal distance between occupants’ hips.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system.
Extent of hybrid technology: full, mild, power-assist, or plug-in.
Hybrid vehicle’s drivetrain arrangement: parallel, series, or combined.
Combines electric motor with alternative propulsion or power generation.
Gas engine output in hybrid vehicle (horsepower/torque).
Combined work output of hybrid engine and electric motor.
Source of energy in a hybrid: gas/electric, plug-in, fuel cell, or pneumatic.
Vehicle using both internal combustion and electric power.
Organic compounds composed only of hydrogen and carbon, commonly used as fuel.
Converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity via electrochemical reaction.
Engine RPM when running without load in neutral or park at normal temperature.
Guides or maintains tension on belts or chains.
Setting spark occurrence relative to piston position and crankshaft rotation.
Inherently Low-Emission Vehicle; standard for alternative-fuel vehicles with closed fuel systems.
Brakes located within the vehicle chassis rather than wheel hubs.
Built-in or docked phone integrated with vehicle audio/stereo system.
Manufacturer financial assistance to reduce vehicle cost or financing expense.
All manufacturer programs that lower net cost for consumers without changing MSRP.
Multiple screens in rear passenger area for entertainment.
Digital or analog displays showing engine and vehicle operating data.
Measuring vehicle performance using precise scientific equipment.
Organization promoting vehicle crash safety and reducing losses.
Turn signal mounted on sideview mirror.
Alternator that charges mainly during coasting/braking to improve fuel efficiency.
Vehicle using advanced telemetrics, driver awareness, or pedestrian safety technology.
LED or halogen lights illuminating the cabin.
Decorative elements in the vehicle interior (wood, leather, metal).
Wipers that pause for a driver-selected time between wipes.
Price the manufacturer charges the dealer for a vehicle (Invoice Price).
Suspension allowing each wheel to move without affecting the opposite wheel.
Air-fuel mixture entering the engine.
Passages directing intake air or mixture to each cylinder; plenum and runners enhance flow.
Passage in cylinder head leading to the intake valve.
Heat exchanger cooling compressed air from a supercharger or turbocharger.
Upward motion compressing the suspension.
Elastic cushion preventing harsh suspension bottoming.
System that allows starting the vehicle via a push-button if the electronic key is detected inside.
Lubricated solid bearings between the kingpin and steering knuckle.
Small airbags that deploy under the dashboard to protect the driver’s knees.
Automatic transmission downshift triggered by pressing the accelerator fully.
Detects detonation and informs the ECU to optimize timing.
Suspension member resisting sideways wheel movement.
Suspension member resisting longitudinal wheel motion; mounts behind wheel.
Flat, flexible spring used mainly in suspensions.
Upward aerodynamic force.
Oversteer caused by releasing the throttle mid-corner.
Differential that ensures torque is shared even if one wheel loses traction.
Optimal path through a corner for speed and exit.
Suspension member with a joint at each end.
Rigid axle powering the wheels it supports.
Point at which a tire begins to skid under braking.
Differential that locks outputs together to maximize traction.
Torque converter with a lockup clutch for improved efficiency.
Slang for oversteer.
Alerts the driver if the vehicle unintentionally drifts out of its lane.
Honda system showing real-time video of the right blind spot when the turn signal is on.
Manufacturer offer reducing lease cost, via lower interest or higher residual value.
Interest rate used to calculate monthly lease payments (see Money factor).
Number of months in a vehicle lease.
Distance from the vehicle floor (ankle level) to seat centerline (hip joint).
Distance from the vehicle’s front-most to rear-most point.
Vehicle with severe defects; may be covered by state “lemon laws.”
Person or entity leasing a vehicle.
Owner of the leased vehicle, often a finance company or manufacturer division.
Vehicle meeting LEV program emissions standards.
EPA program to reduce vehicle emissions (see Low Emissions Vehicle Program).
Lithium-ion rechargeable battery offering higher power and lighter weight than NiCad/NiMH batteries.
Window integrated into hatch, SUV, or wagon liftgate.
Additional lighting mounted on a vehicle roof, common on trucks/SUVs.
Vehicle produced in limited numbers with special features or performance upgrades.
Warranty covering a vehicle for a set number of years/miles.
Flush-mounted trunk/liftgate spoiler, mainly aesthetic.
Liquefied natural gas (CH₄), refined and cooled to a liquid state (~−163°C).
Minimum height needed to load cargo into the vehicle.
See “Tire load index.”
Part of the door or hatch mechanism into which a key is inserted.
Devices preventing vehicle entry without a key or electronic remote.
Light alerting the driver to low fuel.
Below-market interest loan offered by a manufacturer’s finance company.
Liquefied petroleum gas, a blend of propane and butane with added odorant for leak detection.
Measurement of trunk or cargo volume with standard seating.
Mechanical or pneumatic device adjusting the seatback to the occupant’s lower back.
Fuel blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline (poisonous, rarely used).
Vehicle manufacturer or its operating unit.
Directs exhaust heat to intake to improve fuel vaporization and warm-up.
Mirrors that can be manually moved outward when towing.
Gear system operated with a clutch and shift lever.
Fluid for lubricating and cooling manual transmissions.
Unique alphanumeric code identifying a specific engine.
Media storing navigation maps (CD, DVD, hard drive).
Manufacturer programs to help dealers advertise and sell vehicles.
Seats with moving mechanical elements for comfort, usually adjustable.
Engine speed at maximum horsepower.
Engine speed at maximum torque.
Cargo volume with rear seats folded or removed.
Presets for seat, mirror, steering, HVAC, or audio positions.
Lease limit on miles before excess mileage penalties apply.
Specific vehicle within a brand, often with trim or style distinctions.
Calendar year designation of a vehicle version.
Lease interest rate (APR ÷ 2,400) used to calculate lease payments.
Legally required window sticker showing MSRP, options, fuel economy, and safety ratings.
Amount of principal and interest due each month under finance or lease.
Miles per gallon, a measure of fuel efficiency.
Manufacturer’s suggested retail price (“sticker price”).
Bearings in the engine block that support the crankshaft.
Layout with the engine placed behind the passenger compartment but ahead of the rear axle.
Body structure that gains strength from shaped, joined panels rather than a heavy frame; also called unitized construction.
Leaf spring made from several stacked leaves bound together.
Rear suspension with four or more links and no struts, allowing precise wheel location and excellent ride and handling.
A cornering condition where front and rear slip angles are roughly equal; stable but less predictable than slight understeer.
U.S. agency overseeing vehicle safety recalls and regulations.
Internal combustion engine burning natural gas.
Method for controlling a navigation system (touchscreen, buttons, dial, or voice).
Device using GPS and stored maps to determine location and routing.
Recall identification number assigned by NHTSA.
Number for a technical service bulletin issued by NHTSA.
Camera using infrared to improve visibility in darkness.
Voluntary national low-emission vehicle program enforced by EPA (outside California).
Nitrogen-oxygen compounds formed during high-temperature combustion; major contributors to smog.
Number of transmission drive ratios available.
Systems reducing noise, vibration, and harshness in the cabin.
Steering responsiveness and stability when the wheel is near center.
Turning the steering wheel opposite the direction of a skid to control oversteer.
A gear in which the output spins faster than the input, reducing engine rpm and improving fuel economy.
Valvetrain design with camshaft(s) in the cylinder head; SOHC has one per head, DOHC has two.
Engine design where the cylinder bore is larger than the stroke.
Handling condition where the rear tires slide more than the front; also called “loose.”
The vehicle’s original parts manufacturer.
NHTSA office managing defect investigations and recalls.
Vehicle designed with high ground clearance and durability for unpaved roads.
Filter that removes contaminants from engine oil.
Computer system that detects component malfunctions and stores diagnostic trouble codes.
Electrical outlet providing 115-volt AC current from the vehicle system.
Windows that fully open or close with a single press of the switch.
Features not included in the base vehicle configuration.
Device warning of excessive turbocharger intake pressure.
Sensor measuring exhaust oxygen content for air/fuel mixture control.
Hybrid with engine and electric motor inline; can operate on electric power, gasoline power, or both.
System using radar, laser, or sonar to aid in parking maneuvers.
Vehicle lights that improve visibility to other drivers; sometimes function as daytime running lights.
Sensors in bumpers that alert the driver to nearby obstacles.
Preset power seat positions for the front passenger.
Total interior space available to all occupants.
Maximum allowable weight of passengers and cargo (GVWR minus curb weight).
Amount required to fully pay off a lease or loan.
Valve that routes crankcase gases into the intake instead of releasing them to the atmosphere.
Mechanism allowing repositioning of the gas, brake, or clutch pedals.
Bearing supporting the transmission input shaft at the rear of the crankshaft.
Valve that drains condensation from the intake plenum chamber.
Electric vehicle charged from standard AC electrical outlets.
Upgrade to larger wheels and tires than the factory standard.
Coating applied to mirrors to reduce glare.
Telematics system that automatically notifies authorities after a crash.
Systems and measures that reduce injury risk after a collision.
Electronic system that opens the trunk or hatch automatically.
Electronically adjustable mirrors that extend for towing.
Hydraulic or electric system that reduces steering effort.
Hydraulic fluid used in power steering systems.
Hoses that carry power steering fluid between components.
Coverage for components that provide vehicle propulsion (engine, transmission, axles, etc.).
Systems that help prevent collisions or reduce their severity.
Seats that move to safer positions when a precrash system detects imminent collision risk.
Radar- or laser-based system sensing collision risk and activating safety responses.
Upgraded factory sound system from a branded audio manufacturer.
Factory-tinted glass that limits visibility into the cabin.
Price paid when buying a vehicle directly from a private seller.
Vehicle previously owned or used by a manufacturer or rental company and sold through a dealer.
Lessee’s contractual right to buy the leased vehicle at the end of the term for its residual value.
Valve in the evaporative emissions system that vents fuel vapors from the canister to the intake.
Partial Zero-Emission Vehicle; meets SULEV tailpipe standards and has zero evaporative emissions.
Lateral link that controls side-to-side movement of a solid rear axle.
Combustion chamber design shaped like a shallow peaked roof, often used with four-valve heads.
Rotation of a vehicle around its lateral axis, causing nose dive or rear squat.
Gearset with sun, planet, and ring gears, commonly used in automatics for multiple gear ratios.
Intake chamber that distributes incoming air to the cylinders evenly.
A vehicle’s resistance to rotational changes; lower values improve turning response.
Fuel injection system where injectors spray into each intake port.
Unit of torque; one pound of force applied at the end of a one-foot lever.
Rate of doing work; proportional to torque multiplied by engine rpm.
Engine rpm range where useful or peak power is produced.
The engine and transmission considered together.
Tire aspect ratio (sidewall height as a percentage of section width).
Spring whose stiffness increases as it compresses.
Pounds per square inch; unit of pressure (atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi).
Slang term for understeer.
Rod transferring force, often from a cam follower to a rocker arm in overhead-valve engines.
Steering system using a toothed rack and a pinion gear.
Suspension motion when the wheel extends after compression.
Steering system using ball bearings between a worm gear and a moving block to reduce friction.
Maximum safe engine rpm, typically marked in red on the tachometer.
Distance between the ground and a fixed reference point on the vehicle.
Unwanted steering effect caused by suspension movement (bump steer).
Non-independent suspension where both wheels are connected by a single solid axle.
Small pinion gear driving a larger ring gear, typically in a differential.
Vehicle’s ability to maintain grip and lateral stability on pavement.
Power required at the wheels to maintain constant speed considering drag and friction.
Vehicle rotation about its longitudinal axis during cornering.
Structural member mounted on rubber bushings to reduce vibration.
Heat exchangers composed of tubes and fins for cooling engine coolant and refrigerant.
Hoses connecting the radiator to the engine cooling system.
Feature in FM broadcasts transmitting text like song, traffic, or news data.
Wipers that adjust speed automatically based on rainfall detection.
Traffic information sent to a vehicle’s navigation system via sensors and data networks.
Cover that conceals items in the cargo area.
Type of rear brakes, such as disc or drum.
System that removes frost, ice, or condensation from the rear window.
Type of rear vehicle door: sliding or hinged.
Output rating of a rear electric motor in hybrid or EV systems.
Motor design type, commonly a permanent magnet traction motor.
Heating and air conditioning system for rear passengers.
Entertainment devices for rear seat occupants.
Configuration of rear seating: bench, split-bench, bucket, or captain’s chairs.
Aerodynamic device that reduces lift and improves stability.
Cash incentive used to reduce the purchase price of a vehicle.
Manufacturer notice regarding a defect requiring free repair.
Official communication informing owners of a recall.
Fuel type preferred by the manufacturer for best performance.
System that uses an electric motor to recover energy when slowing the vehicle.
Feature allowing vehicle ignition via an electronic key fob.
Key fob activation of trunk or hatch opening.
Key fob control enabling windows to open or close remotely.
Energy from sources that naturally replenish, such as solar or wind.
Tire emergency repair kit using sealant and inflation tools.
Insurance value based on replacing property at current prices.
Minimum fuel quality allowed by the manufacturer.
Estimated value of a leased vehicle at the end of the lease term.
Allows accessories to operate briefly after the ignition is turned off.
Mirrors that fold inward for parking or tight spaces.
Mirrors that tilt downward in reverse to aid visibility.
Service provided when a vehicle becomes inoperable.
Safety systems designed to mitigate rollover injuries.
Device mounted on the roof to secure cargo.
Aesthetic or functional spoiler mounted above the rear window.
Shape or contour of the vehicle’s roof.
Number of seating rows in a vehicle.
Engine revolutions per minute.
Layout with engine behind the rear axle powering the rear wheels.
Tire that remains drivable temporarily even after losing air pressure.
Step panels that help passengers enter and exit tall vehicles.
Warranty covering sheet metal repairs for rust or corrosion.
Title indicating vehicle damage exceeding ~70% of pre-accident value.
System transmitting vehicle data, crash info, and navigation via satellites.
Radio receiving signals from communication satellites rather than terrestrial towers.
Covers manufacturer-recommended services at set intervals.
Type of seat control: manual, power, or power-with-memory.
Restraints to protect occupants during a collision.
Support that lengthens the seat bottom.
Integrated devices controlling comfort, temperature, adjustability, etc.
Storage pockets attached to or integrated into seat backs.
Prevent seatbelt over-tightening and reduce injury risk.
Mechanism retracting the seatbelt when airbags deploy to hold occupant in position.
Maximum number of safely restrained occupants.
Introduces air into the exhaust to promote hydrocarbon combustion without using an air pump.
Initial lease payment serving as collateral for compliance with lease terms.
Diesel emissions-reduction system.
Adjusts headlight direction based on vehicle orientation.
Removes contaminants from hydraulic fluid in self-leveling suspension.
Rear seat passengers can listen to a different audio source than front seats.
Automated manual transmission allowing sequential gear selection.
Gasoline engine charges battery; does not drive wheels directly.
Ribbed belt driving multiple engine accessories.
Indicates general or specific maintenance required.
Protects components from excessive heat.
Includes levers, paddles, or buttons for gear selection.
Mechanical connections between gear control and transmission.
Method driver changes gears: lever, paddle, or buttons.
Automatic transmission allowing manual gear selection.
Distance between driver’s and passenger’s shoulders.
Deploy from seat edges to protect ribcage in side impact.
Detects collision and deploys side curtain airbags.
Structural support protecting occupants in side impacts.
Storage pockets attached to or integrated into vehicle doors.
Combined policy limit for property damage, liability, and bodily injury.
Underbody shield protecting the vehicle’s underside.
Rear truck window that opens by sliding.
EPA designation for vehicles with high environmental performance.
EPA designation for vehicles scoring 9+ in emissions and greenhouse gas metrics.
Hydrocarbon or NOx pollutants forming photochemical smog.
Factory-tinted glass providing interior privacy.
Hardware to attach a removable snowplow to a vehicle.
Doors that automatically pull shut if not fully latched.
Energy harvested from sunlight using photovoltaic cells.
Sunroof with photovoltaic panel powering interior ventilation fans.
Fifth tire stored for emergency replacement.
Carry high-voltage charge from ignition to spark plugs.
Number and arrangement of speakers and channels in a sound system.
Manufacturer-subsidized lease reducing monthly payment.
Adjusts audio volume based on vehicle speed.
Adjusts wiper speed based on vehicle speed.
Cash incentive or reward for dealership sales personnel.
Policy with separate limits for bodily injury per person, per accident, and property damage.
Attachment directing airflow to reduce lift and improve stability, sometimes aesthetic.
System detecting skids and adjusting braking/power to maintain vehicle direction.
Automatically stops/restarts engine to reduce idle time and improve fuel economy.
Prevents starter engagement unless conditions (brake, shifter) are met.
Prevents steering wheel movement unless ignition is unlocked.
Shock absorber on steering linkage reducing abrupt kickback.
Converts steering wheel rotation into lateral wheel movement.
Connects steering shaft to steering mechanism.
Pivot point attaching front wheel hubs.
Rods/joints connecting steering gearbox to wheel spindles.
Converts rotational steering wheel motion to lateral movement of linkage.
Allows driver to reposition steering column.
Buttons on steering wheel controlling audio, cruise, climate, or telematics.
See “MSRP.”
Media supported by vehicle sound system (CD, DVD, USB, hard drive).
Distance between crankshaft centerline and connecting rod journal centerline.
Loan to low-credit borrower with higher interest rate.
Super Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle, stricter than ULEV standard.
Operable or fixed roof opening covered by metal or glass.
Removable/retractable device limiting sunlight through windows.
Dash-mounted sensor measuring sun load for automatic climate control.
Engine-driven device forcing air into engine to increase power.
Belt driving the supercharger impeller.
Lubricant for supercharger internal components.
Fluid used in hydraulically adjustable suspension systems.
Relationship and placement of suspension mounting points.
Professional body that sets automotive standards.
Distance between steering axis intersection with the ground and tire centerline.
Fixed-roof car with four doors, or two doors with ≥33 cu ft rear volume.
Slightly curved leaf spring mounted at ends to the body, with a central shackle for flex.
Rear suspension using a triangular arm pivoting at two points.
Numerical tire aspect ratio (e.g., 50-series = 50% height-to-width).
Mechanism guiding the gearshift lever in a transmission.
Device that converts suspension motion into heat to control oscillations.
Spring with a fixed rate of compression.
Flat, circular area used to measure cornering grip.
Angle between tire rolling direction and wheel plane caused by deflection during cornering.
Slang for an automatic transmission.
Single overhead camshaft operating all valves in a head.
Tube frame structure loaded in tension and compression.
Rear-end dip during hard acceleration.
Line through the upper and lower steering pivots.
Driver perception of steering forces relative to handling.
Relationship between steering wheel input and yaw response.
Design factors (camber, caster, toe, etc.) affecting steering.
Combination of steering feel and gain.
Ability to stay straight without steering corrections.
Suspension member combining shock absorber and wheel location.
Engine oil reservoir below the crankshaft.
Instrument displaying engine RPM, often with a redline indicating maximum engine speed.
Housings including brake lamps, reverse lights, and rear turn signals.
Manufacturer-issued bulletin providing repair instructions for known problems; repairs may be free under warranty.
Integrated use of telecommunications in a vehicle.
Use of telecommunications and electronic data communications in a vehicle.
Air cleaner with thermostat-controlled diverter ducting warmed air to carburetor during cold conditions.
Lubricated pivot points for throttle or kickdown linkages.
Mechanical connections between accelerator pedal and throttle/carburetor.
Components controlling air volume to the engine.
Ball-and-socket parts connecting wheel spindles to steering rack/link.
First vehicle emissions program under 1994 Clean Air Act, setting national standards.
Second vehicle emissions program under 1994 Clean Air Act, stricter than Tier 1.
Toothed belt driving camshaft(s), sometimes water pump.
Spring-loaded wheel maintaining timing belt tension.
Transparent film applied to windows reducing light and sometimes heat.
Diameter of a tire in inches.
Device to inflate or seal a collapsible/flat tire.
Pressurized disposable container of sealing compound.
Numerical value indicating tire load capacity; higher number = greater load capability.
Alphabetic code indicating tire use (e.g., P = passenger, LT = light truck).
Electronic system displaying tire pressure to driver.
Ratio of tire sidewall height to tread width.
Tire dimensions, load capacity, and speed rating displayed on sidewall.
Maximum speed a tire can safely sustain for a set duration.
Legal document reflecting registered vehicle owner.
See “Drive-off fees.”
Metal hooks attached to vehicle frame for towing.
Vehicle equipped and suitable for towing trailers.
Maximum weight a vehicle can tow per manufacturer.
Distance between center planes of opposing wheels.
Vehicle exchanged for a new or used purchase to reduce net price.
Device attached to frame for towing.
Attachment points for trailer hitch.
Connector completing trailer lighting circuits.
Lubricant used in the transfer case.
Driver-selectable settings affecting shift points and ratios.
Gear ratio with output speed higher than input, improving highway fuel economy.
Automatic, manual, shiftable automatic, or automated manual.
Device displaying distance, fuel economy, average speed, and other trip info.
Roof with removable panels on either side of a rigid central bar.
Flashing lights indicating vehicle turning or lane change intention.
Diameter of full-lock 360° vehicle turn.
Remote system opening driver door first, others on second press.
Electrical socket providing 12V DC from vehicle charging system.
Removable-roof car with a fixed roll-bar behind the seats.
Valve housing controlling intake airflow.
Suspension link controlling wheel direction under movement.
Front of tires angled toward the car center.
Wheel direction change without driver input.
Rotational force, measured in lb-ft.
Fluid coupling with a stator that multiplies torque at low speeds.
Tendency of a car to pull during acceleration, common in FWD cars.
Rod spring twisted to store energy, connected to suspension.
System preventing wheelspin by reducing power or braking.
Braking into a corner to transfer weight to front tires, improving turn-in.
Suspension arm pivoting at front, supporting wheel at rear.
Suspension link resisting longitudinal wheel motion; pivots ahead of wheel.
Combined transmission and differential.
Gearbox matching engine rpm and torque to speed.
Flex in tire tread between surface and carcass.
Car frame made of welded tubes.
Inward curvature of a car’s body sides.
Systems designed to improve airflow using pressure pulses and resonance.
Exhaust-driven supercharger with centrifugal compressor.
Delay between accelerator input and turbo engine power delivery.
Moment when a car begins cornering.
Front tires slide more than rear, causing the car to resist turning; also called push.
Body design that provides structural strength without a separate frame.
Joint transmitting rotation between non-aligned shafts; simplest form causes output speed fluctuations.
Ultra-low emission vehicle standard, stricter than LEV.
Storage console beneath a vehicle seat.
Vehicle areas typically unseen from above, exposed to road.
EPA-required label under hood identifying engine family and test group.
Company evaluating insurance risk.
Process of assessing insurance risk, acceptance, and premium determination.
Programmable device controlling vehicle entertainment systems.
Key/key fob integrated device controlling remote accessories.
Cloth, leather, or synthetic material covering seats, panels, armrests, headrests.
See “Plus size wheels.”
Loan status where owed amount exceeds vehicle value.
Tubing carrying air, fluids, vapors, or pressurized gas.
Maximum space between cam/rocker arm and actuated valve.
Number and orientation of engine camshafts relative to valves.
Total intake and exhaust valves per cylinder.
Mirrors on sun visors for personal grooming.
Steering mechanism converting wheel rotation to lateral motion.
Engine system dynamically adjusting valve lift, timing, or duration.
Unique 17-digit code identifying a vehicle, its attributes, and history.
Vehicle class (e.g., SUV, sedan, minivan, pickup).
Seats directing air through perforated cushions.
RCA plugs for gaming in rear passenger section.
Display for navigation, information, or entertainment in dashboard, headliner, or headrests.
Wireless device controlling a vehicle’s video system.
Device providing video signal to the vehicle’s entertainment system.
High-rpm condition where valve springs cannot control valvetrain, limiting engine speed.
Component transmitting camshaft motion to valves; can be roller or flat-faced.
All components that operate the valves, including camshaft, followers, and valves.
Fluid coupling using discs in a viscous fluid to resist speed differences between shafts or axles.
Valve controlling turbocharger boost by diverting exhaust around the turbine.
Violent up-and-down motion of a wheel under poor suspension damping or axle control.
Circulates coolant through engine cooling system.
Orifice behind/below pump shaft for leakage monitoring.
Power measurement for amplifiers or speakers.
Rubber sealing around doors and hatches.
See “Environmental impact.”
Adjustment of camber, caster, toe, and ride height.
Assemblies permitting smooth rotation between hub and spindle.
Decorative discs covering steel wheels, lug nuts, or hubs.
Hydraulic cylinders in drum brakes actuating brake shoes.
Diameter of a wheel in inches.
Special lug nuts preventing wheel theft.
Nuts securing a wheel to the hub.
Distance from hub-mount surface to wheel centerline; positive, negative, or zero.
Wheel dimensions.
Electrical connections relaying wheel speed to computer for ABS/ESC.
Distance from bead to bead.
Distance between front and rear axle centers.
Dealer purchase price, often from auction or lender.
Faster, more sensitive O₂ sensor allowing precise air/fuel adjustments.
Vehicle width at its widest point.
Method of window operation: manual, power, one-touch, automatic, or remote.
See “Monroney sticker.”
Digital data transfer via Bluetooth or WiFi.
Group of wires and connectors carrying current through the vehicle.
Rotation about a vertical axis through the car’s center of gravity.
Vehicle producing no tailpipe emissions; most restrictive emissions standard.
Steering geometry with zero scrub radius, minimizing steering effects during acceleration or braking.
